Overall, those most at risk for a vitamin-D deficiency were older, female, obese, drank milk less than once a week, and spent more than four hours a day watching TV, playing video games, or working on a computer. They were also more likely to be children with darker skin, including non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican-Americans. (Children with darker skin are more likely to be deficient in vitamin D because they have more melanin than their fairer counterparts. Melanin is the pigment that gives skin color, but it may prevent the skin from absorbing enough sunlight to produce an adequate amount of vitamin D.)
In the second study, a research team led by Jared P. Reis, PhD, of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, looked at 3,577 adolescents ages 12 to 19. Those with low levels of vitamin D were more likely to have high blood pressure, high levels of blood sugar, and metabolic syndrome (a cluster of factors known to increase risk of heart disease) than their counterparts with ample vitamin D in their blood, regardless of how much they weighed.
Exactly how a lack of vitamin D increases the risk of heart disease is an evolving story. In terms of blood pressure, vitamin D helps control renin, a protein that plays a role in regulating blood-pressure levels.
The best vitamin-D boosting strategy involves a three-pronged approach, says Dr. Melamed. “You can get a little bit from food, but not as much as you need,” she says. “Supplements are readily available, and kids like to take Flintstones or gummy-bear multivitamins, which typically contain vitamin D.”
Also, parents should help their children get at least 10 to 15 minutes of sun exposure daily without sunscreen. “Set your watch and then apply sunscreen after 15 minutes,” Dr. Melamed says. Some children, including those in high-risk groups, may need to be screened to check for low vitamin-D levels.
Michael F. Holick, MD, PhD, a professor of medicine, physiology, and biophysics at Boston University School of Medicine, and the author of The Vitamin D Solution (to be released in April 2010), has been sounding an alarm about the dangers of low vitamin-D levels for years.
“This is a recipe for serious diseases occurring in our children when they are in their 20s and 30s,” he says. Dr. Holick was among the first to document the return of rickets—a disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D and other minerals—which can lead to the softening and weakening of the bones.
“[But] rickets is just the tip of the iceberg,” Dr. Holick says. “Vitamin-D deficiency has insidious, serious long-term health consequences for children that could remain with them throughout their lives,” he explains. “[Parents should know] their child is likely to be vitamin-D deficient if the child does not take a supplement of 400 IU vitamin D a day and receive some unprotected sun. It is next to impossible to get enough vitamin D from diet, and the sun-phobic attitude has made the problem much worse.”
*Story updated 8/4/2009 to clarify that melanin blocks absorption of sunlight, not vitamin D.
